Monograph: Garlic

Posted on January 13, 2015 by VRM Media in Natural Medicines Monograph, Natural Practitioner Magazine, NP 2015, NP 2015 01 02, NP Columns

Based on a systemic review of scientific literature edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration.

Scientific Evidence Uses Grade High blood pressure A
High cholesterol A
Heart disease (risk) B
Antibacterial C
Anti-fungal C
Atherosclerosis (“hardening” of the arteries) C
Athletic injuries C
Athletic performance C
Benign breast diseases C
Cancer C
Chest pain (angina) C
Chronic venous ulcers (ulcers from poor circulation) C
Circulation C
Common cold / upper respiratory tract infection C
Cystic fibrosis C
Dental conditions C
Familial hypercholesterolemia (inherited high cholesterol) C
Gastric cancer prevention C
Gastritis (inflammation of stomach) C
Hair loss C
Heart disease prevention (secondary) C
Heavy metal/lead toxicity C
Helicobacter pylori infection C
Hepatitis C
Hepatopulmonary syndrome C
Mosquito repellent C
Otitis media (middle ear infections) C
Parasitic infections C
Peripheral vascular disease (narrowed arteries in the legs) C
Pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure in pregnancy) C
Sickle cell anemia C
Systemic sclerosis (thickening of skin) C
Tick repellant C
Type 2 diabetes C
Warts C

Garlic is an herb widely used for the treatment and prevention of heart disease and cancer. Research suggests that tablets with dehydrated garlic powder may modestly reduce total cholesterol for up to 12 weeks. Garlic’s long-term effects on cholesterol and heart health remain unclear.

Early evidence suggests that garlic may slightly reduce blood pressure and prevent blood clotting. Several studies report that regular consumption of garlic (particularly unprocessed garlic) may reduce the risk of several cancer types, including stomach and colon.

Multiple cases of bleeding have been associated with garlic use. Caution is warranted in people who are at risk of bleeding and before some surgical and dental procedures.

Tradition/Theory

Abortion inducing, age-related memory disorders, aging skin, allergies, Alzheimer’s disease, anthrax, antioxidant, antispasmodic (suppressing spasms), antitoxin, antiviral, anxiety, arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm), arsenic poisoning, arthritis, asbestos lung protection, asthma, bile flow stimulant, bladder disorders, blood clot prevention, bloody urine, bone and wound healing, bronchitis, chemotherapy toxicity, cholera, contraception, cough, cytomegalovirus (virus of the herpes family), dementia (prevention), diaphoretic (promote sweating), diarrhea (traveler’s), digestive aid, diphtheria (bacterial infection), diuretic (increasing urination), doxorubicin cardiotoxicity (protection against heart damage), drug/toxin induced hepatotoxicity (acetaminophen), dysentery (bloody diarrhea), earache, emetic (causing vomiting), energy, expectorant (increasing mucus), fat burning, fatigue, fever, flu, gallstones, gastrointestinal hypermotility (overactive intestinal tract), gentamicin toxicity, glaucoma (increased eye pressure), hair growth, headache, heartburn, hemorrhoids, HIV/AIDS, hormonal effects, immune system stimulation, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, kidney disorders, kidney toxicity, leukemia, libido, lung disease, lymphangitis (inflammation of lymph nodes), malaria, menstrual flow stimulant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methotrexate toxicity, muscle spasms, neuroprotection, obesity, osteoporosis, painful menstruation, peptic ulcer disease, pneumonia, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), psoriasis (skin disease), radioprotection, Raynaud’s disease (blood vessel disorder), ringworm, sedative, sexual arousal, sinus congestion, snake venom protection, spermicide, stomachache, stress, stroke, toothache, tuberculosis, tumor (breast fibromatosis), typhus, urinary tract infections, vaginal trichomoniasis (sexually transmitted disease), vaginitis (vaginal inflammation), warts, well-being, whooping cough, wound healing.

Dosing

Adults (18 years and older)

For an antifungal, 1 milligram per kilogram of body weight of a garlic extract (Allidridium) diluted into 500 milliliters of saline has been injected in the blood over four hours daily for less than one month.

For athletic injuries, 80 milligrams of allicin (garlic component) has been taken by mouth for 14 days.

For athletic performance, a single dose of 900 milligrams of dried garlic has been taken by mouth.

For cancer, aged garlic extract capsules (containing 2.4 milliliters of garlic extract), or 500 milligrams of aged garlic extract has been taken by mouth daily for six to 12 months.

Additionally, 1 milliliter of aqueous garlic extract per kilogram of weight has been taken by mouth daily for one month.

For cirrhosis (liver disease), 250 milligram capsules containing garlic oil (Garlic Pearls, Ranbaxy, India) have been taken by mouth in two divided doses with meals for nine to 18 months. The daily dose of garlic capsules provided 1-2 grams per square meter of garlic oil.

For clogged arteries, 900 milligrams of a dehydrated garlic powder tablet (Kwai) has been taken by mouth in single or divided doses for up to four years. A suggested dose for clogged arteries is 3-5 milligrams of allicin (one clove or 0.5-1 gram of dried powder) daily by mouth.

For common cold/upper respiratory tract infection, 180 milligrams of allicin (Allimax) has been taken by mouth daily for 12 weeks. Two capsules containing aged garlic extract (AGE) powder have been taken by mouth twice daily for 90 days. The suggested dose for respiratory infections is 2-4 grams of garlic dried bulb or 2-4 milliliters of garlic alcoholic extract (1:5, 45 percent ethanol) taken by mouth three times daily. For cystic fibrosis, capsules containing 656 milligrams of garlic oil have been used once daily with evening meals for eight weeks. One garlic capsule has been taken daily for eight weeks.

For dental conditions, 20 drops of garlic solution (40 milligrams per milliliter) has been used in the mouth three times daily for four weeks.

For hair loss, 5 percent garlic gel has been applied to the scalp four times daily for three months.

For heart disease risk and prevention, one tablet of Allicor (150 milligrams of garlic powder) has been taken by mouth two times daily for 12 months. Six to 10 grams of a garlic ether extract has been taken by mouth for three years.

For heavy metal/lead toxicity, capsules containing 400 milligrams of dried powder garlic have been taken by mouth three times daily for four weeks.

For high cholesterol, 10-7,200 milligrams of garlic has been taken in powder, tablet, oil, extract, or allicin form by mouth daily in single or divided doses for up to 7.3 years. For high blood pressure, 600-2,400 milligrams of garlic powder (Kwai or Allicor) or aged garlic extract (Kyolic) in single or divided doses has been taken by mouth daily for up to 12 weeks.

For Helicobacter pylori infection, 4,200 micrograms of allicin (the main ingredient in garlic) daily in conjunction with standard treatment has been taken by mouth for 14 days.

Additionally, 400 milligrams of Kyolic aged garlic extract plus 2 milligrams of steam-distilled garlic oil has been taken by mouth twice daily for seven years.

For oral candidiasis (yeast infection), garlic paste has been applied in the mouth four times daily for 14 days.

For a mosquito repellent, four garlic capsules as a single dose have been taken by mouth. For peripheral vascular disease, 800-900 milligrams of dehydrated garlic (Kwai) has been taken by mouth daily for 12 weeks.

For pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure during pregnancy), 800 milligrams of garlic (Garlet, 1,000 micrograms of allicin and ajoene) has been taken by mouth daily for up to eight weeks.

For sickle-cell anemia (blood cell disorder), 5 milliliters of aged garlic extract has been taken by mouth daily for four weeks.

For stomach cancer prevention, garlic supplementation for up to 7.3 years (dosage unknown) has been taken by mouth.

For systemic sclerosis (thickening of skin), 900 milligrams of dried garlic powder has been taken by mouth for seven days.

For a tick repellant, 1,200 milligrams of Allium capsules have been taken by mouth daily for eight weeks.

For type 2 diabetes, 300-900 milligrams of Allicor or a dehydrated garlic preparation (Kwai) has been used in single or divided doses for up to 24 weeks.

For warts, water-based garlic extract has been applied twice daily on warts. A lipid extract was also applied twice daily on people with warts and corns.

Children (under 18 years old)

Safety or effectiveness of garlic supplements is unclear in children.

For common cold/upper respiratory tract infection, extended-release garlic tablets (Allicor 600 milligrams) has been taken by mouth over a five-month period.

For familial hyperlipidemia (inherited high cholesterol), 900 milligrams of dehydrated garlic powder tablets (Kwai) has been taken by mouth in three divided daily doses.

For parasitic infections, 5 milliliters of garlic extract in 100 milliliters of water has been taken by mouth in two doses daily, or a commercial preparation of 1.2 milligrams has been taken by mouth twice daily for three days. Additionally, 8 grams of a garlic infusion has been taken by mouth daily for five days.

Safety

Allergies

Avoid in people with a known allergy or sensitivity to garlic, any of its constituents, or to other members of the Liliaceae (lily) family, including hyacinth, tulip, onion, leek and chives.
Allergic reactions have been reported with garlic taken by mouth, inhaled, or applied to the skin. These reactions have included asthma, closing up of the lung airways, dryness and splitting of the lips, hives, inflammation of the intestines and stomach, narrowing of the coronary artery and skin inflammation and swelling.

Severe reactions may occur, including throat swelling and difficulty breathing (anaphylaxis). Fresh garlic applied to the skin may be more likely to cause rashes than garlic extract.

Commercially available gloves may not offer adequate protection for the allergic reaction associated with garlic allergy.

Side Effects & Warnings

Garlic is likely safe when consumed in amounts usually found in foods in non-allergic or non-sensitive people.

Garlic is possibly safe when used as a dietary supplement in suggested doses in healthy adults. Garlic is possibly safe when garlic extracts are used on the skin for 1-2 months in the treatment of warts and corns.

Garlic may increase the risk of bleeding. Caution is advised in people with bleeding disorders or taking drugs that may increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing adjustments may be necessary.
Garlic may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised in people with diabetes or hypoglycemia, and in those taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that affect blood sugar. Blood glucose levels may need to be monitored by a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist and medication adjustments may be necessary.

Use cautiously during breastfeeding, in people with gastrointestinal disorders or prone to gastric irritation, peptic ulcer disease, skin disorders or thyroid disorders. Use cautiously when garlic is injected in the blood in people with liver or kidney disease.

Use cautiously in people taking agents for the brain, agents for the skin, agents that widen blood vessels, antiretroviral agents (particularly protease inhibitors), blood pressure lowering agents, cholesterol-lowering agents, agents metabolized by the liver, estrogens or thyroid agents.

Avoid in people with a known allergy to garlic, its parts, or other members of the Liliaceae or Alliaceae families, including hyacinth, tulip, onion, leek and chives. Avoid garlic applied to the skin in young children or infants, and before surgical or dental procedures. Avoid large amounts of garlic during pregnancy.

Garlic may also cause acid reflux, anorexia, asthma, bad breath, bleeding after surgery, blisters, blood pressure reduction, body odor, botulism (paralyzing illness), bowel obstruction, burns to the skin, burping, change in bacteria in the stomach, chest pain, chills, constipation, coughing up of blood, darkening of the skin, dead tissue, decrease in blood clotting time, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, dizziness, drowsiness, dryness and splitting of the lips, eczema, euphoria, eye hemorrhage during surgery, facial flushing, fever, gas, gastrointestinal irritation or burning (including mouth, esophagus and stomach), gout, heart attack, heartburn, high white blood cell concentration, high heart rate, hives, hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and reduced iodine uptake, increased appetite, increased colic risk in infants, increased eye pressure, increased insulin secretion, increased sweating, inflammation of stomach and intestines, inhibition of amyloid production, internal bleeding near the kidney, itching, kidney damage, lip inflammation, liver damage, local irritation, low back pain, lower cholesterol, nausea, neurological effects, painful urination or excessive large volume of urine, pemphigus (blistering of the skin or mucus membranes), redness, self-inflicted lesions of the skin, skin inflammation, sleeping problems, suppression of sperm production, ulcers, uterine contractions, vomiting and weight loss. Note: Dishes containing generally acceptable doses of raw garlic are unlikely to increase the risk of bleeding before surgery.

Pregnancy & Breast Feeding

Garlic is likely safe during pregnancy in amounts usually eaten in food, based on historical use. However, garlic supplements or large amounts of garlic should be avoided during pregnancy due to a possible increased risk of bleeding or stimulation of uterine contractions. Many tinctures contain high levels of alcohol, and should be avoided during pregnancy.

Garlic is likely safe during breastfeeding in amounts usually eaten in food, based on historical use. However, some mothers who take garlic supplements reported increased nursing time, milk odor and milk consumption. The safety of garlic supplements during breastfeeding is unclear.

Colic has been associated with maternal garlic consumption. Garlic in a combination treatment purportedly increased breast milk. Garlic in breast milk has been reported to increase nursing time.

Interactions

Interactions with Drugs

Garlic may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using medications that may also lower blood sugar. People taking drugs for diabetes by mouth or insulin should be monitored closely by a qualified health care professional, including a pharmacist. Medication adjustments may be necessary.

Garlic may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding. Some examples include aspirin, anticoagulants (“blood thinners”), such as warfarin (Coumadin) or heparin, anti-platelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Plavix), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), or naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve). Garlic may interfere with the way the body processes certain drugs using the liver’s “cytochrome P450” enzyme system. As a result, the levels of these drugs may be increased in the blood, and may cause increased effects or potentially serious adverse reactions. People using any medications should check the package insert, and speak with a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist, about possible interactions.

Many tinctures contain high levels of alcohol, and may cause nausea or vomiting when taken with metronidazole (Flagyl) or disulfiram (Antabuse).

Because garlic contains estrogen like chemicals, the effects of other agents believed to have estrogen-like properties may be altered.

Garlic may cause low blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking drugs that lower blood pressure.

Garlic may also interact with acetaminophen; agents for cancer, glaucoma, obesity, osteoporosis; agents for the blood, brain, heart, kidneys, intestines, skin, stomach; agents that alter eye pressure; agents that alter immune function; agents that induce abortion; agents that widen or relax blood vessels; agents toxic to the liver; anthelmintics; antibiotics; antifungals; antiparasitics; antiretrovirals; antivirals; cholesterol lowering agents; clofibrate; disulfiram; docetaxel; estrogens; fertility agents; iodine; isoniazid; metronidazole; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs); performance-enhancing agents; potassium salts; thyroid hormones; weight loss agents. Interactions with Herbs & Dietary Supplements
Garlic may lower blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using herbs or supplements that may also lower blood sugar. Blood glucose levels may require monitoring and doses may need adjustment.

Garlic may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with herbs and supplements that are believed to increase the risk of bleeding. Multiple cases of bleeding have been reported with the use of Ginkgo biloba, and fewer cases with garlic and saw palmetto. Numerous other agents may theoretically increase the risk of bleeding, although this has not been proven in most cases.
Garlic may interfere with the way the body processes certain herbs or supplements using the liver’s “cytochrome P450” enzyme system. As a result, the levels of other herbs or supplements may become too high in the blood. It may also alter the effects that other herbs or supplements possibly have on the P450 system.

Because garlic contains estrogen like chemicals, the effects of other agents believed to have estrogen-like properties may be altered.

Garlic may cause low blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking herbs or supplements that lower blood pressure.

Garlic may also interact with anthelmintics; antibacterials; antifungals; antioxidants; antiparasitics; antivirals; cholesterol lowering herbs and supplements; EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and fish oil; fertility herbs and supplements; ginkgo; herbs and supplements for cancer, glaucoma, obesity, osteoporosis; herbs and supplements for the blood, brain, heart, kidneys, intestines, skin, stomach; herbs and supplements that alter eye pressure; herbs and supplements that alter immune function; herbs and supplements that induce abortion; herbs and supplements that widen blood vessels; herbs and supplements toxic to the liver; performance-enhancing herbs and supplements; potassium; Pycnogenol; selenium; thyroid herbs and supplements; weight loss herbs and supplements; zinc.

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