Based on a systemic review of scientific literature edited and peerreviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration.

Extracts of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) have been recommended traditionally for a wide range of medical conditions. The most common modern-day use of St. John’s wort is for depression. Studies have shown St. John’s wort may be equally effective as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants for mild to moderate depression.

Overall, the evidence suggests St. John’s wort may be effective for mild-to-moderate depression. The evidence for severe depression remains unclear.

St. John’s wort may cause serious interactions with prescription drugs, herbs or supplements. Therefore, people using any medications should consult their health care providers, including a pharmacist, prior to starting therapy.

Tradition/Theory 

Abdominal discomfort or irritation, alcoholism, allergies, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, anti-malarial, antioxidant, antiviral, asthma, athletic performance enhancement, bacterial skin infections (topical), bedwetting, benzodiazepine withdrawal, bruises (topical), burns (topical), cancer, chronic ear infections, colitis, contusions, dental pain, diarrhea, diuretic (increasing urine flow), dyspepsia, Epstein-Barr virus infection, excessive menstrual bleeding, fatigue, gastroenteritis, heartburn, hemorrhoids, immune function, influenza, insomnia, joint pain, liver protection from toxins, psoriasis, rheumatism, snakebites, sprains, substance abuse, ulcers.

Dosing 

Adults (18 years and older) For anxiety, 900 milligrams of St. John’s wort has been taken by mouth twice daily for several weeks.

For cancer, 0.05 to 0.50 milligrams per kilogram of hypericin has been taken by mouth for up to three months.

For mild to moderate depression, 20 to 1,800 milligrams St. John’s wort has been taken by mouth once to three times for four to 52 weeks. Extracts of St. John’s wort used in studies included WS 5570, WS 5572, WS 5573, ZE 117, STW 3-VI, STW3, PM235, LoHyp-57, LI 160, Psychotonin forte extract and Hyperforat were generally standardized to contain 0.3 percent hypericin and 2 to 5 percent hyperforin.

For severe depression, 900 to 1,800 milligrams of St. John’s wort (extracts LI 160 and WS 5570) has been taken by mouth daily for 8 to 12 weeks.

For HIV, 0.5 milligrams per kilogram of hypericin has been taken by mouth, without evidence of benefit.

For irritable bowel syndrome, 450 milligrams of St. John’s wort has been taken twice daily for 12 weeks, without evidence benefit.

For nerve pain, three 900 microgram hypericin tablets were taken by mouth for two treatment periods of five weeks each.

For obsessive-compulsive disorder, 450 to 1,800 milligrams (standardized to 0.3 percent hypericin) were taken by mouth daily for 12 weeks.

For pain due to burning mouth syndrome, 300 milligram capsules of St. John’s wort (containing hypericin 0.31 percent and hyperforin 3.0 percent) have been taken by mouth three times daily for 12 weeks.

For menopausal symptoms, 300 milligrams St. John’s wort (Kira) has been taken by mouth three times daily for 12 weeks and 0.4 mg hypericin drops (Hyperforat) has been taken by mouth daily for 12 weeks.

For premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 300 to 900 milligrams St. John’s wort (standardized to 3.38 percent hyperforin and 0. 18 percent hypericin) or 1,360 micrograms of hypericin have been taken by mouth daily for two menstrual cycles.

For seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 900 milligrams and unspecified doses of St. John’s wort (LI 160 and Kira) have been taken by mouth once to three times daily with or without light therapy for four to eight weeks.

For smoking cessation, 300 milligrams St. John’s wort (LI-160 extract) has been taken by mouth once or twice daily for up to three months and a week.

For social phobia, 600 to 1,800 milligrams St. John’s wort has been taken by mouth daily for 12 weeks.

For somatoform disorders, 300 milligrams of St. John’s wort (LI 160 extract) has been taken by mouth twice daily for six weeks.

For atopic dermatitis, 1.5 percent hyperforin (verum) cream has been used on the skin twice daily for four weeks.

For psoriasis, St. John’s wort ointment has been used two times daily on the skin for four weeks.

For wound healing, 20 percent St. John’s wort in petroleum jelly has been used on the affected skin three times daily for 16 days.

Children (under 18 years old) For ADHD, 300 milligrams of St. John’s wort (standardized to 0.3 percent hypericin) has been used in children three times daily for eight weeks, without evidence of benefit.

For depression, 150 to 1,800 milligrams St. John’s wort was taken by mouth once to three times daily for up to eight weeks.

Safety 

Allergies 
Avoid in people with known allergy or sensitivity to St. John’s wort or to any of its parts. Infrequent allergic skin reactions, including rash and itching, have been reported.

Side Effects & Warnings 
Extensive research supports the safe use of St. John’s wort for a short duration (<3 months) at recommended doses in individuals that lack other medication intake.

St. John’s wort may cause anxiety, headache, muscle cramps, sweating, weakness, dry mouth, or skin irritation.

Use with caution when using St. John’s wort with drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450, as decreased drug effectiveness may occur.

St. John’s wort may increase the risk of photosensitivity. Use cautiously in people with sensitive skin or those taking photosensitizing drugs.

St. John’s wort may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome. Use cautiously in people taking agents that increase the risk of serotonin syndrome.

St. John’s wort may result in altered menstrual flow, bleeding, unwanted pregnancies and hormone level changes. Use cautiously in women taking contraceptives or other estrogen agents by mouth.

St. John’s wort may alter drug levels. Use cautiously in people taking agents for bacterial or fungal infections, agents for erectile dysfunction, antianxiety agents, antihistamines, fertility agents, P-glycoprotein agents, pain relievers, or theophylline.

St. John’s wort may cause mania or psychosis. Use cautiously in people with mental illnesses and those taking antipsychotics.

St. John’s wort may change how sugar is processed in the body. Use cautiously in people with diabetes or in those taking anti-diabetic agents.

St. John’s wort may cause high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Use cautiously in people with thyroid disorders or those using thyroid hormones.

Use cautiously in people with cataracts, due to the potential association between an element St. John’s wort and cataracts.

St. John’s wort may cause heart burn, loss of appetite, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and constipation. Use cautiously in people with stomach and intestine problems.

St. John’s wort may cause liver damage. Use cautiously in people with liver problems or those taking agents that damage the liver.

St. John’s wort may alter blood pressure and cause increased or uneven heart rate. Use cautiously in people with high blood pressure or abnormal heart rhythms.

St. John’s wort may cause swelling. Use caution in people prone to swelling.

St. John’s wort may cause dizziness, tiredness, insomnia, problems with the nervous system, skin tingling or prickling and nerve pain. Use cautiously in people taking agents that affect the nervous system.

St. John’s wort may lower the seizure threshold. Use cautiously in individuals with seizures, and drugs that may lower the seizure threshold.

St. John’s wort may lower cholesterol drug concentration and may increase cholesterol. Use cautiously in people with high cholesterol and those taking agents to lower levels of cholesterol.

St. John’s wort may stimulate release of certain hormones. Use cautiously with hormonal agents.

Avoid in people with a known allergy or sensitivity to t. John’s wort or to any of its parts.

St. John’s wort has decreased levels of drugs for HIV/AIDs. Avoid in people with HIV/AIDS who are taking protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, as suggested by the U. S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA).

St. John’s wort has decreased levels of drugs that suppress the immune system. Avoid in individuals receiving transplants and taking agents that suppress the immune system (particularly cyclosporine)

Avoid in people with suicidal thoughts.

St. John’s wort resulted in difficulty inducing anesthesia and relaxation. Avoid before surgery.

St. John’s wort use with cancer agents may result in reduced effectiveness and treatment failure. Avoid in people using cancer agents.

St. John’s wort may result in result in reduced digoxin efficacy. Avoid using with cardiac glycosides such as digoxin.

St. John’s wort may decrease effectiveness of agents that thin blood. Avoid use in people with bleeding disorders or in those taking drugs that thin blood.

• Avoid in pregnant and lactating women due to a lack of information.

Pregnancy & Breast Feeding There is a lack of scientific evidence on the use of St. John’s wort during pregnancy or lactation.

Interactions 

Interactions with Drugs St. John’s wort may interfere with the way the body processes various drugs using the liver’s “cytochrome P450” enzyme system. As a result, the levels of these drugs may be increased in the blood (causing increased effects or adverse reactions) or decreased in the blood (which may reduce effects). Examples of medications that may be affected by St. John’s wort in this manner include carbamazepine, cyclosporin, irinotecan, midazolam, nifedipine, simvastatin, theophylline, warfarin, or HIV drugs such as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) or protease inhibitors (PIs). The FDA suggests that patients with HIV/AIDS taking Pis or NNRTIs should avoid taking St. John’s wort.

St. John’s wort may alter the risk of bleeding when taken with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding. Some examples include aspirin, anticoagulants (“blood thinners”) such as warfarin (Coumadin) or heparin, anti-platelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Plavix), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) or naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve).

St. John’s wort may alter blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using medications that may also alter blood sugar. People taking drugs for diabetes by mouth or insulin should be monitored closely by a qualified health care professional, including a pharmacist. Medication adjustments may be necessary.

St. John’s wort may affect blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking drugs that affect blood pressure.

St. John’s wort may also interact with 5HT1 agonists (triptans), agents for the eyes, agents for the skin, agents for the stomach and intestines, agents that affect the nervous system, agents that affect the immune system, agents that damage the liver, anesthetics, alcohol, anti-anxiety agents, antibiotics, antidepressant agents, antifungals, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents, anticancer agents, antipsychotics, antiretroviral agents, antiviral agents, benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, carbamazepine, cardiac glycosides, chlorzoxazone, cholesterol-lowering agents, clozapine, contraceptives, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, dextromethorphan, digoxin, drugs that may lower seizure threshold, estrogens, fertility agents, fexofenadine, heart rate-regulating agents, hepatotoxins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, hormonal agents, loperamide (Imodium), methylphenidate, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), mood stabilizers, morphine, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), omeprazole, opiates, pain relievers, PDE5 selective inhibitors, P-glycoprotein-regulated drugs, photosensitizing agents, protease inhibitors, sedatives, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), smoking cessation agents, testosterone, theophylline, thyroid hormones, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Viagra, weight loss agents, wound healing agents, zolpidem.

Interactions with Herbs & Dietary Supplements 
St. John’s wort may interfere with the way the body processes herbs and supplements using the liver’s “cytochrome P450” enzyme system. As a result, the levels of these herbs and supplements may be increased in the blood (causing increased effects or potentially serious adverse reactions) or decreased in the blood (which may reduce the intended effects).

St. John’s wort may alter the risk of bleeding when taken with herbs and supplements that are believed to increase the risk of bleeding. Multiple cases of bleeding have been reported with the use of Ginkgo biloba, and fewer cases with garlic and saw palmetto.

St. John’s wort may alter blood sugar levels. Caution is advised when using herbs or supplements that may also alter blood sugar. Blood glucose levels may require monitoring, and doses may need adjustment.

St. John’s wort may affect blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking herbs and supplements that affect blood pressure.

St. John’s wort may also interact with alcohol, anesthetics, anti-anxiety herbs and supplements, antibacterials, antidepressant herbs and supplements, antifungals, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory herbs and supplements, anticancer herbs and supplements, antioxidants, antipsychotics, antiviral herbs and supplements, cardiac glycosides, chasteberry, cholesterol- lowering herbs and supplements, contraceptives, fertility herbs and supplements, heart rate-regulating herbs and supplements, herbs and supplements for the eyes, herbs and supplements for the skin, herbs and supplements for the stomach and intestines, herbs and supplements that affect the nervous system, herbs and supplements that affect the immune system, herbs and supplements that damage the liver, herbs and supplements that lower seizure threshold, hormonal herbs and supplements, iron, melatonin, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), mood stabilizers, neurologic herbs and supplements, pain relievers, P-glycoprotein- regulated herbs and supplements, photosensitizing herbs and supplements, phytoestrogens, sedatives, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), smoking cessation herbs and supplements, thyroid hormones, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), valerian, weight loss herbs and supplements, wound healing herbs and supplements.

Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalmedicinestherapeuticresearch. com) provides access to the most comprehensive database of high-quality, evidence-based systematic reviews on dietary supplements and CAM therapies. This database is a clinical decision support tool that is designed to advise clinicians and researchers on the safety and efficacy of herbs, supplements, vitamins, diets, nutrition, exercise and complementary practices and modalities. Using a comprehensive methodology, reproducible grading scales and the collective expertise of a multi-disciplinary Editorial Board, Natural Standard’s mission is to provide organizations with access to the highest-quality evidence-based intelligence to make more informed and safer therapeutic decisions. Questions about the database can be directed to (617) 591-3348.

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66. Wenzel, R. G., Tepper, S., Korab, W. E., and Freitag, F. Serotonin syndrome risks when combining SSRI/SNRI drugs and triptans: is the FDA’s alert warranted? Ann.Pharmacother. 2008;42(11):1692-1696. View Abstract
67. Kawaguchi, A., Ohmori, M., Tsuruoka, S., Nishiki, K., Harada, K., Miyamori, I., Yano, R., Nakamura, T., Masada, M., and Fujimura, A. Drug interaction between St John’s Wort and quazepam. Br.J.Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58(4):403-410. View Abstract
68. Dresser, G. K., Schwarz, U. I., Wilkinson, G. R., and Kim, R. B. Coordinate induction of both cytochrome P4503A and MDR1 by St John’s wort in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73(1):41-50. View Abstract
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70. van Gurp, G., Meterissian, G. B., Haiek, L. N., McCusker, J., and Bellavance, F. St John’s wort or sertraline? Randomized controlled trial in primary care. Can Fam Physician 2002;48:905-912. View Abstract
71. Woelk H, Burkard G, and Grunwald J. Nutzen und Risikobewertung des Hypericum-extraktes LI 160 auf der Basis einer Drug-Monitoring-Studie mit 3250 patienten. Nervenheilkunde 1993;12:308-313.
72. Schakau D, Hiller K, Schultz-Zehden W, and et al. Risk/benefit profile of St.John’s wort extract: STEI 300 in 2404 patients with various degrees of psychiatric disturbance. Psychopharmakotherapie 1996;3:116-122.
73. Hall, S. D., Wang, Z., Huang, S. M., Hamman, M. A., Vasavada, N., Adigun, A. Q., Hilligoss, J. K., Miller, M., and Gorski, J. C. The interaction between St John’s wort and an oral contraceptive. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74(6):525-535. View Abstract
74. Pfrunder, A., Schiesser, M., Gerber, S., Haschke, M., Bitzer, J., and Drewe, J. Interaction of St John’s wort with low-dose oral contraceptive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Br.J.Clin Pharmacol. 2003;56(6):683-690. View Abstract
75. Schwarz, D., Kisselev, P., and Roots, I. St. John’s wort extracts and some of their constituents potently inhibit ultimate carcinogen formation from benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol by human CYP1A1. Cancer Res 11-15-2003;63(22):8062-8068. View Abstract
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77. Baede-van Dijk, P. A., van Galen, E., and Lekkerkerker, J. F. [Drug interactions of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) are potentially hazardous]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 4-22-2000;144(17):811-812. View Abstract
78. Yue, Q. Y., Bergquist, C., and Gerden, B. Safety of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Lancet 2-12-2000;355(9203):576-577. View Abstract
79. Clement, K., Covertson, C. R., Johnson, M. J., and Dearing, K. St. John’s wort and the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a systematic review. Holist.Nurs.Pract. 2006;20(4):197-203. View Abstract
80. Andreescu, C., Mulsant, B. H., and Emanuel, J. E. Complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of bipolar disorder–a review of the evidence. J.Affect.Disord. 2008;110(1-2):16-26. View Abstract
81. Schneck, C. St. John’s wort and hypomania. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59(12):689. View Abstract
82. Nierenberg, A. A., Burt, T., Matthews, J., and Weiss, A. P. Mania associated with St. John’s wort. Biol Psychiatry 12-15-1999;46(12):1707-1708. View Abstract
83. Moses, E. L. and Mallinger, A. G. St. John’s Wort: three cases of possible mania induction. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(1):115-117. View Abstract
84. Guzelcan, Y., Scholte, W. F., Assies, J., and Becker, H. E. [Mania during the use of a combination preparation with St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 10-6-2001;145(40):1943-1945. View Abstract
85. Barbenel, D. M., Yusufi, B., O’Shea, D., and Bench, C. J. Mania in a patient receiving testosterone replacement postorchidectomy taking St John’s wort and sertraline. J Psychopharmacol 2000;14(1):84-86. View Abstract
86. O’Breasail, A. M. and Argouarch, S. Hypomania and St John’s wort. Can J Psychiatry 1998;43(7):746-747. View Abstract
87. Laird RD and Webb M. Psychotic episode during use of St John’s wort. J Herbal Pharmacother 2001;1(2):81-87.
88. Krusekopf, S. and Roots, I. St. John’s wort and its constituent hyperforin concordantly regulate expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in basic cellular pathways. Pharmacogenet.Genomics 2005;15(11):817-829. View Abstract
89. Hauben, M. The association of St. John’s wort with elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22(5):673-675. View Abstract
90. Booth, J. N., III and McGwin, G. The association between self-reported cataracts and St. John’s Wort. Curr.Eye Res. 2009;34(10):863-866. View Abstract
91. Brattstrom, A. Long-term effects of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) treatment: a 1-year safety study in mild to moderate depression. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(4):277-283. View Abstract
92. Sarris, J. and Kavanagh, D. J. Kava and St. John’s Wort: current evidence for use in mood and anxiety disorders. J.Altern.Complement Med. 2009;15(8):827-836. View Abstract
93. Papakostas, G. I., Crawford, C. M., Scalia, M. J., and Fava, M. Timing of clinical improvement and symptom resolution in the treatment of major depressive disorder. A replication of findings with the use of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Hypericum perforatum versus fluoxetine. Neuropsychobiology 2007;56(2-3):132-137. View Abstract
94. Gastpar, M., Singer, A., and Zeller, K. Comparative efficacy and safety of a once-daily dosage of hypericum extract STW3-VI and citalopram in patients with moderate depression: a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2006;39(2):66-75. View Abstract
95. Gastpar, M., Singer, A., and Zeller, K. Efficacy and tolerability of hypericum extract STW3 in long-term treatment with a once-daily dosage in comparison with sertraline. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005;38(2):78-86. View Abstract
96. Sindrup, S. H., Madsen, C., Bach, F. W., Gram, L. F., and Jensen, T. S. St. John’s wort has no effect on pain in polyneuropathy. Pain 2001;91(3):361-365. View Abstract
97. Schrader E, Meier B, and Brattstrom A. Hypericum treatment of mild-moderate depression in a placebo-controlled study. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Human Psychopharm 1998;13:163-169.
98. Schrader, E. Equivalence of St John’s wort extract (Ze 117) and fluoxetine: a randomized, controlled study in mild-moderate depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;15(2):61-68. View Abstract
99. Canning, S., Waterman, M., Orsi, N., Ayres, J., Simpson, N., and Dye, L. The efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CNS.Drugs 2010;24(3):207-225. View Abstract
100. Al-Akoum, M., Maunsell, E., Verreault, R., Provencher, L., Otis, H., and Dodin, S. Effects of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) on hot flashes and quality of life in perimenopausal women: a randomized pilot trial. Menopause. 2009;16(2):307-314. View Abstract
101. Fava, M., Alpert, J., Nierenberg, A. A., Mischoulon, D., Otto, M. W., Zajecka, J., Murck, H., and Rosenbaum, J. F. A Double-blind, randomized trial of St John’s wort, fluoxetine, and placebo in major depressive disorder. J.Clin.Psychopharmacol. 2005;25(5):441-447. View Abstract
102. Lecrubier, Y., Clerc, G., Didi, R., and Kieser, M. Efficacy of St. John’s wort extract WS 5570 in major depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(8):1361-1366. View Abstract
103. Szegedi, A., Kohnen, R., Dienel, A., and Kieser, M. Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with hypericum extract WS 5570 (St John’s wort): randomised controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus paroxetine. BMJ 3-5-2005;330(7490):503. View Abstract
104. Etogo-Asse, F., Boemer, F., Sempoux, C., and Geubel, A. Acute hepatitis with prolonged cholestasis and disappearance of interlobular bile ducts following tibolone and Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort). Case of drug interaction? Acta Gastroenterol.Belg. 2008;71(1):36-38. View Abstract
105. Dominguez Jimenez, J. L., Pleguezuelo, Navarro M., Guiote, Malpartida S., Fraga, Rivas E., Montero Alvarez, J. L., and Poyato, Gonzalez A. [Hepatotoxicity associated with Hypericum (St. John’s wort)]. Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2007;30(1):54-55. View Abstract
106. Zullino, D. and Borgeat, F. Hypertension induced by St. John’s Wort – a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36(1):32. View Abstract
107. Knuppel, L. and Linde, K. Adverse effects of St. John’s Wort: a systematic review. J Clin.Psychiatry 2004;65(11):1470-1479. View Abstract
108. Beckman, S. E., Sommi, R. W., and Switzer, J. Consumer use of St. John’s wort: a survey on effectiveness, safety, and tolerability. Pharmacotherapy 2000;20(5):568-574. View Abstract
109. Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group. Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort) in Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 4-10-2002;287(14):1807-1814. View Abstract
110. Henderson, L., Yue, Q. Y., Bergquist, C., Gerden, B., and Arlett, P. St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2002;54(4):349-356. View Abstract
111. Patel, J., Buddha, B., Dey, S., Pal, D., and Mitra, A. K. In vitro interaction of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir with herbal constituents: changes in P-gp and CYP3A4 activity. Am.J.Ther. 2004;11(4):262-277. View Abstract
112. Rengelshausen, J., Banfield, M., Riedel, K. D., Burhenne, J., Weiss, J., Thomsen, T., Walter-Sack, I., Haefeli, W. E., and Mikus, G. Opposite effects of short-term and long-term St John’s wort intake on voriconazole pharmacokinetics. Clin.Pharmacol Ther. 2005;78(1):25-33. View Abstract
113. Wang, Z., Hamman, M. A., Huang, S. M., Lesko, L. J., and Hall, S. D. Effect of St John’s wort on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;71(6):414-420. View Abstract
114. Bove, G. M. Acute neuropathy after exposure to sun in a patient treated with St John’s Wort. Lancet 10-3-1998;352(9134):1121-1122. View Abstract
115. Haller, C. A., Meier, K. H., and Olson, K. R. Seizures reported in association with use of dietary supplements. Clin.Toxicol.(Phila) 2005;43(1):23-30. View Abstract
116. Karalapillai, D. C. and Bellomo, R. Convulsions associated with an overdose of St John’s wort. Med.J.Aust. 2-19-2007;186(4):213-214. View Abstract
117. Ondrizek RR, Chan PJ, Patton WC, and et al. Inhibition of human sperm motility by specific herbs used in alternative medicine. J Assisted Reproduct Genet 1999;16(2):87-91.
118. Capasso, R., Borrelli, F., Montanaro, V., Altieri, V., Capasso, F., and Izzo, A. A. Effects of the antidepressant St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) on rat and human vas deferens contractility. J Urol. 2005;173(6):2194-2197. View Abstract
119. Eggertsen, R., Andreasson, A., and Andren, L. Effects of treatment with a commercially available St John’s Wort product (Movina) on cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia treated with simvastatin. Scand.J.Prim.Health Care 2007;25(3):154-159. View Abstract
120. Sugimoto, K., Ohmori, M., Tsuruoka, S., Nishiki, K., Kawaguchi, A., Harada, K., Arakawa, M., Sakamoto, K., Masada, M., Miyamori, I., and Fujimura, A. Different effects of St John’s wort on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin and pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;70(6):518-524. View Abstract
121. Andren, L., Andreasson, A., and Eggertsen, R. Interaction between a commercially available St. John’s wort product (Movina) and atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Eur.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2007;63(10):913-916. View Abstract
122. Schule, C., Baghai, T., Sauer, N., and Laakmann, G. Endocrinological effects of high-dose Hypericum perforatum extract WS 5570 in healthy subjects. Neuropsychobiology 2004;49(2):58-63. View Abstract
123. Müller WE, Rolli, M., Schafer, C., and Hafner, U. Effects of hypericum extract (LI 160) in biochemical models of antidepressant activity. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997;30 Suppl 2:102-107. View Abstract
124. Chatterjee SS, Bhattacharya SK, Singer A, and et al. Hyperforin inhibits synaptosomal uptake of neurotransmitters in vitro and shows antidepressant activity in vivo. Pharmazie 1998;53(3):9.
125. Neary, J. T. and Bu, Y. Hypericum LI 160 inhibits uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in astrocytes. Brain Res 1-23-1999;816(2):358-363. View Abstract
126. Franklin, M. Sub-chronic treatment effects of an extract of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort, Li 160) on neuroendocrine responses to the 5-T2A agonist, DOI in the rat. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36(4):161-164. View Abstract
127. Hojo, Y., Echizenya, M., Ohkubo, T., and Shimizu, T. Drug interaction between St John’s wort and zolpidem in healthy subjects. J.Clin.Pharm.Ther. 2011;36(6):711-715. View Abstract
128. Assalian, P. Sildenafil for St. John Wort-induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 2000;26(4):357-358. View Abstract
129. Durr, D., Stieger, B., Kullak-Ublick, G. A., Rentsch, K. M., Steinert, H. C., Meier, P. J., and Fattinger, K. St John’s Wort induces intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol.Ther. 2000;68(6):598-604. View Abstract
130. Kim, R. B. Drugs as P-glycoprotein substrates, inhibitors, and inducers. Drug Metab Rev. 2002;34(1-2):47-54. View Abstract
131. Nebel, A., Schneider, B. J., Baker, R. K., and Kroll, D. J. Potential metabolic interaction between St. John’s wort and theophylline. Ann.Pharmacother. 1999;33(4):502. View Abstract
132. Morimoto, T., Kotegawa, T., Tsutsumi, K., Ohtani, Y., Imai, H., and Nakano, S. Effect of St. John’s wort on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44(1):95-101. View Abstract
133. Samadi, S., Khadivzadeh, T., Emami, A., Moosavi, N. S., Tafaghodi, M., and Behnam, H. R. The effect of Hypericum perforatum on the wound healing and scar of cesarean. J.Altern.Complement Med. 2010;16(1):113-117. View Abstract
134. de Maat, M. M., Hoetelmans, R. M., Math t RA, van Gorp, E. C., Meenhorst, P. L., Mulder, J. W., and Beijnen, J. H. Drug interaction between St John’s wort and nevirapine. AIDS 2-16-2001;15(3):420-421. View Abstract
135. Piscitelli, S. C., Burstein, A. H., Chaitt, D., Alfaro, R. M., and Falloon, J. Indinavir concentrations and St John’s wort. Lancet 2-12-2000;355(9203):547-548. View Abstract
136. Alscher, D. M. and Klotz, U. Drug interaction of herbal tea containing St. John’s wort with cyclosporine. Transpl.Int 2003;16(7):543-544. View Abstract
137. Bauer, S., Stormer, E., Johne, A., Kruger, H., Budde, K., Neumayer, H. H., Roots, I., and Mai, I. Alterations in cyclosporin A pharmacokinetics and metabolism during treatment with St John’s wort in renal transplant patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;55(2):203-211. View Abstract
138. Breidenbach, T., Kliem, V., Burg, M., Radermacher, J., Hoffmann, M. W., and Klempnauer, J. Profound drop of cyclosporin A whole blood trough levels caused by St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Transplantation 5-27-2000;69(10):2229-2232. View Abstract
139. Breidenbach, T., Hoffmann, M. W., Becker, T., Schlitt, H., and Klempnauer, J. Drug interaction of St John’s wort with ciclosporin. Lancet 5-27-2000;355(9218):1912. View Abstract
140. Mai, I., Kruger, H., Budde, K., Johne, A., Brockmoller, J., Neumayer, H. H., and Roots, I. Hazardous pharmacokinetic interaction of Saint John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) with the immunosuppressant cyclosporin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;38(10):500-502. View Abstract
141. Barone, G. W., Gurley, B. J., Ketel, B. L., and Abul-Ezz, S. R. Herbal supplements: a potential for drug interactions in transplant recipients. Transplantation 1-27-2001;71(2):239-241. View Abstract
142. Beer, A. M. and Ostermann, T. [St. John’s wort: interaction with cyclosporine increases risk of rejection for the kidney transplant and raises daily cost of medication]. Med Klin 8-15-2001;96(8):480-483. View Abstract
143. Moschella, C. and Jaber, B. L. Interaction between cyclosporine and Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) after organ transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38(5):1105-1107. View Abstract
144. Turton-Weeks, SM, Barone GW, Gurley BJ, and et al. St. John’s wort: a hidden risk for transplant patients. Prog Transplant 2001;11(2):116-120.
145. Ruschitzka, F., Meier, P. J., Turina, M., Luscher, T. F., and Noll, G. Acute heart transplant rejection due to Saint John’s wort. Lancet 2-12-2000;355(9203):548-549. View Abstract
146. Karliova, M., Treichel, U., Malago, M., Frilling, A., Gerken, G., and Broelsch, C. E. Interaction of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) with cyclosporin A metabolism in a patient after liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2000;33(5):853-855. View Abstract
147. Ahmed, S. M., Banner, N. R., and Dubrey, S. W. Low cyclosporin-A level due to Saint-John’s-wort in heart transplant patients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20(7):795. View Abstract
148. Mai, I., Bauer, S., Perloff, E. S., Johne, A., Uehleke, B., Frank, B., Budde, K., and Roots, I. Hyperforin content determines the magnitude of the St John’s wort-cyclosporine drug interaction. Clin Pharmacol.Ther. 2004;76(4):330-340. View Abstract
149. Barone, G. W., Gurley, B. J., Ketel, B. L., Lightfoot, M. L., and Abul-Ezz, S. R. Drug interaction between St. John’s wort and cyclosporine. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(9):1013-1016. View Abstract
150. Abul-Ezz SR, Barone GW Gurley BJ et al. Effect of herbal supplements on cyclosporine blood levels and associated acute rejection. Am Soc of Nephrol Ann Mtg, Toronto, CAN 2000;1.
151. Schempp, C. M., Pelz, K., Wittmer, A., Schopf, E., and Simon, J. C. Antibacterial activity of hyperforin from St John’s wort, against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-positive bacteria. Lancet 6-19-1999;353(9170):2129. View Abstract
152. Schimmer, O., Kruger, A., Paulini, H., and Haefele, F. An evaluation of 55 commercial plant extracts in the Ames mutagenicity test. Pharmazie 1994;49(6):448-451. View Abstract
153. Bressler, R. Herb-drug interactions. St. John’s wort and prescription medications. Geriatrics 2005;60(7):21-23. View Abstract
154. Ciocon, J. O., Ciocon, D. G., and Galindo, D. J. Dietary supplements in primary care. Botanicals can affect surgical outcomes and follow-up. Geriatrics 2004;59(9):20-24. View Abstract
155. Koupparis, L. S. Harmless herbs: a cause for concern? Anaesthesia 2000;55(1):101-102. View Abstract
156. Crowe, S. and McKeating, K. Delayed emergence and St. John’s wort. Anesthesiology 2002;96(4):1025-1027. View Abstract
157. Irefin, S. and Sprung, J. A possible cause of cardiovascular collapse during anesthesia: long- term use of St. John’s Wort. J Clin Anesth. 2000;12(6):498-499. View Abstract
158. Mathijssen RHJ, Verweij J, De Bruijn P, and et al. Modulation of irinotecan (CPT-11) metabolism by St. John’s wort in cancer patients. American Association for Cancer Research, 93rd Annual Meeting, April 6-10, 2002, San Francisco, CA, USA.
159. Mathijssen, R. H., Verweij, J., de Bruijn, P., Loos, W. J., and Sparreboom, A. Effects of St. John’s wort on irinotecan metabolism. J Natl Cancer Inst 8-21-2002;94(16):1247-1249.
160. Peebles, K. A., Baker, R. K., Kurz, E. U., Schneider, B. J., and Kroll, D. J. Catalytic inhibition of human DNA topoisomerase II alpha by hypericin, a naphthodianthrone from St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Biochem Pharmacol 10-15-2001;62(8):1059-1070. View Abstract
161. Johne, A., Brockmoller, J., Bauer, S., Maurer, A., Langheinrich, M., and Roots, I. Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Clin Pharmacol.Ther. 1999;66(4):338-345. View Abstract
162. Johne A, Brockmöller J, Bauer S, and et al. Interaction of St.John’s wort extract with digoxin. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;55:a22.
163. Perloff, M. D., von Moltke, L. L., Stormer, E., Shader, R. I., and Greenblatt, D. J. Saint John’s wort: an in vitro analysis of P-glycoprotein induction due to extended exposure. Br J Pharmacol 2001;134(8):1601-1608. View Abstract
164. Cheng, T. O. St John’s wort interaction with digoxin. Arch Intern.Med 9-11-2000;160(16):2548. View Abstract
165. Johne, A., Schmider, J., Brockmoller, J., Stadelmann, A. M., Stormer, E., Bauer, S., Scholler, G., Langheinrich, M., and Roots, I. Decreased Plasma Levels of Amitriptyline and Its Metabolites on Comedication With an Extract From St. John’s Wort ( Hypericum perforatum ). J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22(1):46-54. View Abstract
166. Troutman MD, Thakker DR, Carson SW, and et al. Activation and inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated efflux of digoxin by St John’s Wort extract [abstract]. AAPS Pharm Sci 2000;2(4 suppl)
167. Jiang, X., Williams, K. M., Liauw, W. S., Ammit, A. J., Roufogalis, B. D., Duke, C. C., Day, R. O., and McLachlan, A. J. Effect of St John’s wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br.J.Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(5):592-599. View Abstract
168. Shalansky, S., Lynd, L., Richardson, K., Ingaszewski, A., and Kerr, C. Risk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis. Pharmacotherapy 2007;27(9):1237-1247. View Abstract
169. de los Reyes, G. C. and Koda, R. T. Determining hyperforin and hypericin content in eight brands of St. John’s wort. Am.J.Health Syst.Pharm. 3-15-2002;59(6):545-547. View Abstract
170. Anyzewska, M., Kowalczuk, A., Lozak, A., Jablczynska, R., and Fijalek, Z. Determination of total hypericins in St. John’s wort and herbal medicinal products. Acta Pol.Pharm. 2010;67(6):586-592. View Abstract
171. Wurglics, M., Westerhoff, K., Kaunzinger, A., Wilke, A., Baumeister, A., Dressman, J., and Schubert-Zsilavecz, M. Comparison of German St. John’s wort products according to hyperforin and total hypericin content. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash.) 2001;41(4):560-566. View Abstract
172. Draves, A. H. and Walker, S. E. Analysis of the hypericin and pseudohypericin content of commercially available St John’s Wort preparations. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2003;10(3):114-118. View Abstract
173. Kasper, S. and Dienel, A. Cluster analysis of symptoms during antidepressant treatment with Hypericum extract in mildly to moderately depressed out-patients. A meta-analysis of data from three randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;164(3):301-308. View Abstract
174. Sarris, J., Panossian, A., Schweitzer, I., Stough, C., and Scholey, A. Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence. Eur.Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(12):841-860. View Abstract
175. Kasper, S., Volz, H. P., Moller, H. J., Dienel, A., and Kieser, M. Continuation and long-term maintenance treatment with Hypericum extract WS 5570 after recovery from an acute episode of moderate depression–a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled long-term trial. Eur.Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18(11):803-813. View Abstract
176. Laakmann G, Dienel A, and Kieser M. Clinical significance of hyperforin for the efficacy of Hypericum extracts on depressive disorders of different severities. Phytomedicine 1998;5(6):435-442.
177. Harrer, G., Schmidt, U., Kuhn, U., and Biller, A. Comparison of equivalence between the St. John’s wort extract LoHyp-57 and fluoxetine. Arzneimittelforschung 1999;49(4):289-296. View Abstract
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179. Davidson, J. R. and Connor, K. M. St. John’s wort in generalized anxiety disorder: three case reports. J.Clin.Psychopharmacol. 2001;21(6):635-636. View Abstract
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201. Wheatley, D. LI 160, an extract of St. John’s wort, versus amitriptyline in mildly to moderately depressed outpatients–a controlled 6-week clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997;30 Suppl 2:77-80.
202. Harrer G, Hubner W-D, and Podzuweit H. Wirksamkeit und Vertraglichkeit des Hypericum-Praparates LI 160 im Vergleich mit Maprotilin. Nervenheilkunde 1993;12:297-301.
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210. Saito, Y. A., Rey, E., Almazar-Elder, A. E., Harmsen, W. S., Zinsmeister, A. R., Locke, G. R., and Talley, N. J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of St John’s wort for treating irritable bowel syndrome. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 2010;105(1):170-177. View Abstract
211. Kobak, K. A., Taylor, L. V., Bystritsky, A., Kohlenberg, C. J., Greist, J. H., Tucker, P., Warner, G., Futterer, R., and Vapnik, T. St John’s wort versus placebo in obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from a double-blind study. Int.Clin.Psychopharmacol. 2005;20(6):299-304. View Abstract
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217. Ghazanfarpour, M., Kaviani, M., Asadi, N., Ghaffarpasand, F., Ziyadlou, S., Tabatabaee, H. R., and Dehghankhalili, M. Hypericum perforatum for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2011;113(1):84-85. View Abstract
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220. Barnes, J., Barber, N., Wheatley, D., and Williamson, E. M. A pilot randomised, open, uncontrolled, clinical study of two dosages of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) herb extract (LI-160) as an aid to motivational/behavioural support in smoking cessation. Planta Med. 2006;72(4):378-382. View Abstract
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224. Volz, H. P. [Somatoform disorders–what must the general practitioner know?]. MMW.Fortschr.Med 8-19-2004;146(33-34):27-8, 30.
225. Soh, N. L. and Walter, G. Complementary medicine for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Curr.Opin.Psychiatry 2008;21(4):350-355. View Abstract
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227. Findling, R. L., McNamara, N. K., O’Riordan, M. A., Reed, M. D., Demeter, C. A., Branicky, L. A., and Blumer, J. L. An open-label pilot study of St. John’s wort in juvenile depression. J Am Acad.Child Adolesc.Psychiatry 2003;42(8):908-914. View Abstract
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234. Ernst, E. St John’s Wort supplements endanger the success of organ transplantation. Arch.Surg. 2002;137(3):316-319. View Abstract
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248. Siepmann, M., Krause, S., Joraschky, P., Muck-Weymann, M., and Kirch, W. The effects of St John’s wort extract on heart rate variability, cognitive function and quantitative EEG: a comparison with amitriptyline and placebo in healthy men. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;54(3):277-282. View Abstract
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251. Araya, O. S. and Ford, E. J. An investigation of the type of photosensitization caused by the ingestion of St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) by calves. J Comp Pathol 1981;91(1):135-141. View Abstract
252. Brockmöller, J., Reum, T., Bauer, S., Kerb, R., Hubner, W. D., and Roots, I. Hypericin and pseudohypericin: pharmacokinetics and effects on photosensitivity in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997;30 Suppl 2:94-101. View Abstract
253. Schempp, C. M., Muller, K., Winghofer, B., Schulte-Monting, J., and Simon, J. C. Single-dose and steady-state administration of Hypericum perforatum extract (St John’s Wort) does not influence skin sensitivity to UV radiation, visible light, and solar-simulated radiation. Arch.Dermatol. 2001;137(4):512-513. View Abstract
254. Traynor, N. J., Beattie, P. E., Ibbotson, S. H., Moseley, H., Ferguson, J., and Woods, J. A. Photogenotoxicity of hypericin in HaCaT keratinocytes: implications for St. John’s Wort supplements and high dose UVA-1 therapy. Toxicol.Lett. 9-15-2005;158(3):220-224. View Abstract
255. Donovan, J. L., DeVane, C. L., Lewis, J. G., Wang, J. S., Ruan, Y., Chavin, K. D., and Markowitz, J. S. Effects of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) extract on plasma androgen concentrations in healthy men and women: a pilot study. Phytother Res 2005;19(10):901-906. View Abstract
256. Bhopal, J. S. St John’s wort-induced sexual dysfunction. Can.J Psychiatry 2001;46(5):456-457. View Abstract
257. Lal, S. and Iskandar, H. St. John’s wort and schizophrenia. CMAJ. 8-8-2000;163(3):262-263. View Abstract
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259. Stevinson, C. and Ernst, E. Can St. John’s wort trigger psychoses? Int.J Clin.Pharmacol Ther. 2004;42(9):473-480. View Abstract
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261. Dean, A. J., Moses, G. M., and Vernon, J. M. Suspected withdrawal syndrome after cessation of St. John’s wort. Ann Pharmacother 2003;37(1):151. View Abstract
262. Ferko, N. and Levine, M. A. Evaluation of the association between St. John’s wort and elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21(12):1574-1578. View Abstract
263. Eich-Hochli, D., Oppliger, R., Golay, K. P., Baumann, P., and Eap, C. B. Methadone maintenance treatment and St. John’s Wort – a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36(1):35-37. View Abstract
264. Eich-Hochli, D., Oppliger, R., Golay, K. P., Baumann, P., and Eap, C. B. Methadone maintenance treatment and St. John’s Wort – a case report. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36(1):35-37.
265. Uchida, S., Hirai, K., Hatanaka, J., Hanato, J., Umegaki, K., and Yamada, S. Antinociceptive effects of St. John’s wort, Harpagophytum procumbens extract and Grape seed proanthocyanidins extract in mice. Biol.Pharm.Bull. 2008;31(2):240-245. View Abstract
266. Schwarz, U. I., Buschel, B., and Kirch, W. Unwanted pregnancy on self-medication with St John’s wort despite hormonal contraception. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2003;55(1):112-113. View Abstract
267. Grush, L. R., Nierenberg, A., Keefe, B., and Cohen, L. S. St John’s wort during pregnancy. JAMA 11-11-1998;280(18):1566. View Abstract
268. Goldman, R. D. and Koren, G. Taking St John’s wort during pregnancy. Can Fam.Physician 2003;49:29-30. View Abstract
269. Klier, C. M., Schafer, M. R., Schmid-Siegel, B., Lenz, G., and Mannel, M. St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) – Is it Safe during Breastfeeding? Pharmacopsychiatry 2002;35(1):29-30. View Abstract
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272. Rayburn, W. F., Gonzalez, C. L., Christensen, H. D., and Stewart, J. D. Effect of prenatally administered hypericum (St John’s wort) on growth and physical maturation of mouse offspring. Am.J Obstet.Gynecol. 2001;184(2):191-195. View Abstract
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277. Rezvani, A. H., Overstreet, D. H., Perfumi, M., and Massi, M. Plant derivatives in the treatment of alcohol dependency. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 2003;75(3):593-606. View Abstract
278. Rezvani, A. H., Overstreet, D. H., Yang, Y., and Clark E Jr. Attenuation of alcohol intake by extract of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort) in two different strains of alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol 1999;34(5):699-705. View Abstract
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280. Hansen, R. S., Paulsen, I., and Davies, M. Determinants of amentoflavone interaction at the GABA(A) receptor. Eur.J Pharmacol 9-20-2005;519(3):199-207. View Abstract
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282. Volz, H. P., Murck, H., Kasper, S., and Moller, H. J. St John’s wort extract (LI 160) in somatoform disorders: results of a placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;164(3):294-300. View Abstract
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284. van Die, M. D., Bone, K. M., Burger, H. G., Reece, J. E., and Teede, H. J. Effects of a combination of Hypericum perforatum and Vitex agnus-castus on PMS-like symptoms in late-perimenopausal women: findings from a subpopulation analysis. J.Altern.Complement Med. 2009;15(9):1045-1048. View Abstract
285. Uygur, Bayramicli O., Kalkay, M. N., Oskay, Bozkaya E., Dogan, Kose E., Iyigun, O., Goruk, M., and Sezgin, G. St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) and warfarin: Dangerous liaisons! Turk.J.Gastroenterol. 2011;22(1):115. View Abstract
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292. Cott, J. NCDEU update. Natural product formulations available in Europe for psychotropic indications. Psychopharmacol.Bull. 1995;31(4):745-751.
293. Singer, A., Wonnemann, M., and Muller, W. E. Hyperforin, a major antidepressant constituent of St. John’s Wort, inhibits serotonin uptake by elevating free intracellular Na+1. J Pharmacol Exp.Ther. 1999;290(3):1363-1368. View Abstract
294. Philipp, M., Kohnen, R., and Hiller, K. O. Hypericum extract versus imipramine or placebo in patients with moderate depression: randomised multicentre study of treatment for eight weeks. BMJ 12-11-1999;319(7224):1534-1538. View Abstract
295. Philipp, M., Kohnen, R., and Hiller, K. O. Hypericum extract versus imipramine or placebo in patients with moderate depression: randomised multicentre study of treatment for eight weeks. BMJ 12-11-1999;319(7224):1534-1538.
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297. Hubner, W. D., Lande, S., and Podzuweit, H. Hypericum treatment of mild depressions with somatic symptoms. J.Geriatr.Psychiatry Neurol. 1994;7 Suppl 1:S12-S14.
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354. Rook, A. H., Wood, G. S., Duvic, M., Vonderheid, E. C., Tobia, A., and Cabana, B. A phase II placebo-controlled study of photodynamic therapy with topical hypericin and visible light irradiation in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and psoriasis. J.Am.Acad.Dermatol. 2010;63(6):984-990. View Abstract
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394. Sharpley, A. L., McGavin, C. L., Whale, R., and Cowen, P. J. Antidepressant-like effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) on the sleep polysomnogram. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998;139(3):286-287. View Abstract
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